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BoP Lab / Sebring International Raceway

FE2 vs FA vs SMX pace at Sebring International Raceway

Class · click a class to switch, + to compare alongside (up to 4)
Reference class · the others' laps as a share of this one's at the same event, so years compare despite weather; + a class above to measure against it

Quickest here: FE2 2:06.179 Charles Russell Turner, Central Florida 2024 race · FA 2:01.562 James French, Central Florida 2025 race · SMX 2:28.473 Matthew Novak, Central Florida 2025 qualifying

2:002:052:102:152:202:252:302:352:402:452:502:553:005 rule changes between Central Florida 2024 and Central Florida 20255 ▾FE2 race best at Central Florida 2024: 2:06.179 (Charles Russell Turner)FE2 race best at Central Florida 2025: 2:07.365 (Charles Russell Turner)FE2 qualifying best at Central Florida 2024: 2:07.950 (Charles Russell Turner)FE2 qualifying best at Central Florida 2025: 2:07.235 (Eric Wisniewski)FA race best at Central Florida 2024: 2:04.207 (C Ahsen Yelkin)FA race best at Central Florida 2025: 2:01.562 (James French)FA qualifying best at Central Florida 2024: 2:07.599 (C Ahsen Yelkin)FA qualifying best at Central Florida 2025: 2:02.206 (Larry Howard)SMX race best at Central Florida 2024: 2:31.578 (Justin Adakonis)SMX race best at Central Florida 2025: 2:29.437 (Camden Gruber)SMX qualifying best at Central Florida 2024: 2:54.038 (Rocco Pasquarella)SMX qualifying best at Central Florida 2025: 2:28.473 (Matthew Novak)Central Florida 20242024Central Florida 20252025
FE2FASMXsolid race · dashed qualifying · slower is lower
92%94%96%98%100%102%104%106%108%110%112%114%116%118%120%122%124%126%128%130%132%134%136%138%140%5 rule changes between Central Florida 2024 and Central Florida 20255 ▾FE2 race best at Central Florida 2024: 100.0% of FE2's (Charles Russell Turner)FE2 race best at Central Florida 2025: 100.0% of FE2's (Charles Russell Turner)FE2 qualifying best at Central Florida 2024: 100.0% of FE2's (Charles Russell Turner)FE2 qualifying best at Central Florida 2025: 100.0% of FE2's (Eric Wisniewski)FA race best at Central Florida 2024: 98.4% of FE2's (C Ahsen Yelkin)FA race best at Central Florida 2025: 95.4% of FE2's (James French)FA qualifying best at Central Florida 2024: 99.7% of FE2's (C Ahsen Yelkin)FA qualifying best at Central Florida 2025: 96.0% of FE2's (Larry Howard)SMX race best at Central Florida 2024: 120.1% of FE2's (Justin Adakonis)SMX race best at Central Florida 2025: 117.3% of FE2's (Camden Gruber)SMX qualifying best at Central Florida 2024: 136.0% of FE2's (Rocco Pasquarella)SMX qualifying best at Central Florida 2025: 116.7% of FE2's (Matthew Novak)Central Florida 20242024Central Florida 20252025
FE2FASMXsolid race · dashed qualifying · each class's best lap as a share of FE2's at the same event (the reference class, changeable above); 100% is level, higher is quicker
EventFE2FASMX
Qual bestRace bestTrapQual bestRace bestTrapvs FE2% of FE2Qual bestRace bestTrapvs FE2% of FE2
Central Florida 2025 CENTFL252025-01-102:07.235Eric Wisniewski · fastest of 8 · top 5 within 1.7s-0.715s (-0.56%)2:07.365Charles Russell Turner · fastest of 8 · top 5 within 2.4s+1.186s (+0.94%)132.1Vaughn Mishko-3.1 mph (-2.3%)2:02.206Larry Howard · fastest of 14 · top 5 within 1.0s-5.393s (-4.23%)2:01.562James French · fastest of 14 · top 5 within 3.8s-2.645s (-2.13%)141.5Brandon Schwarz-4.0 mph (-2.8%)-5.803squal -5.029s95.4%qual 96.0%2:28.473Matthew Novak · fastest of 24 · top 5 within 0.9s-25.565s (-14.69%)2:29.437Camden Gruber · fastest of 24 · top 5 within 0.3s-2.141s (-1.41%)115.6Jason Fichter+2.2 mph (+2.0%)+22.072squal +21.238s117.3%qual 116.7%
5 rule changes (SMX: 5)5 wording · SMX allows OE instrument cluster relocation for aftermarket dash mounting, with wiring re-routed only; alternate gauges now permitted. · SMX Spec MX-5 camera requirement wording changed; non-functioning recorder now grounds for penalty or disqualification. · SMX Spec MX-5 must run latest AIM Data Logger Spec MX-5 ECU Protocol; wording clarification for technical compliance. · SMX Mazda Miata OE versus OEM definitions clarified in GCR Section 9.1.7.1. · SM and SMX shifter bushing rules clarified: alternate bushing at shift lever bottom now allowed.showhide
  • SMX E&O SMX Regs 9.1.7.1.D.5.u-.w #37070wordingneutralSMX allows OE instrument cluster relocation for aftermarket dash mounting, with wiring re-routed only; alternate gauges now permitted.
  • SMX SMX Camera Rule Correction #36496wordingneutralSMX Spec MX-5 camera requirement wording changed; non-functioning recorder now grounds for penalty or disqualification.
  • SMX Committee) AIM ECU Protocol #36556wordingneutralSMX Spec MX-5 must run latest AIM Data Logger Spec MX-5 ECU Protocol; wording clarification for technical compliance.
  • SMX Committee) OE versus OEM Definitons #36608wordingneutralSMX Mazda Miata OE versus OEM definitions clarified in GCR Section 9.1.7.1.
  • SMX Committee) Shifter Bushing #36611wordingneutralSM and SMX shifter bushing rules clarified: alternate bushing at shift lever bottom now allowed.
Central Florida 2024 CENTFL242024-01-122:07.950Charles Russell Turner · fastest of 12 · top 5 within 2.6s2:06.179Charles Russell Turner · fastest of 12 · top 5 within 2.8s135.2Charles Russell Turner2:07.599C Ahsen Yelkin · fastest of 8 · top 5 within 3.9s2:04.207C Ahsen Yelkin · fastest of 8 · top 5 within 13.3s145.5Brandon Schwarz-1.972squal -0.351s98.4%qual 99.7%2:54.038Rocco Pasquarella · fastest of 22 · top 5 within 1.6s2:31.578Justin Adakonis · fastest of 23 · top 5 within 0.6s113.3Will Robinson+25.399squal +46.088s120.1%qual 136.0%
60 earlier rule changes on record, in force before Central Florida 2024 (from 2019)8 cars added · 5 induction · 5 weight · 4 engine · 1 aero · 1 removed · 1 tyres & wheels · 35 wording · FA Pro Formula Mazda front wheels widen to 10 in. max; rear wheels narrow to 14 in. min. · FA Pro Formula Mazda maximum bodywork width behind front wheels increases to 51.97 inches. · FA MSR Formula Mazda FMzR added to Table 2 classification. · FA BDA engine displacement specification line added to Table 1, effective 2023-01-01. · Formula Renault 2.0 (10-17) reclassified from FX to FA; weight reduced to 1280 lbs, restrictor removed. · FA Swift 016 2.3L restrictor increases from 31mm to 32mm SIR; minimum weight drops 30 lbs to 1420. · Pro Formula Mazda allows street or bridge port, unrestricted apex seals, 70mm throttle body, 99cm wing height max, 132cm bodywork width max. · FA Ligier JS F3 must comply with Formula Regional Americas rules instead of FIA Formula 3 Regional Technical Regulations. · FA sealed engines must undergo full inspection; competitor pays reassembly and resealing costs. · FA Formula Lites FL15 and FR Americas Ligier JS F3 engine sealing requirements clarified to reference respective series technical regulations. · FA transmission rule clarified: transverse shafts prohibited except final drive and motorcycle gearbox in Formula 1000. · FA Swift 016 2.5 liter aero spec now references 2.3 liter notes instead of N notes. · FA Pro Formula Mazda now allows street port or bridge port, previously porting was prohibited. · FA adds Honda K20Z3 2.0L engine spec at 1350 lbs minimum and Mazda MZR 2.0L spec at 1300 lbs minimum to Table 1. · FA Mazda MZR 2.0 spec line removes redundant '2.0' designation; Honda Civic K20Z3 spec line unchanged. · FA Toyota 1800 moves from Table 1 to Table 2 (Spec Line Cars). · FA Swift 016 Mazda MZR/Ford Duratec wheel width specification clarified: front 10, rear 14 minimum and 15 maximum. · FA rule wording clarified: Table 1 for purpose-built and ex-pro cars, Table 2 for spec line cars with exceptions noted. · FA Mazda MZR/Ford Duratec 2296cc and 2500cc moved from Table 1 to Table 2. · FA Mazda MZR 2.0 and Honda Civic K20Z3 remove sequential designation from 5-speed transmission spec. · FA Mazda MZR 2.0 limited to Ralt RT40, RT41, Swift 008, 014 chassis; Honda Civic K20Z3 removes Swift 016 chassis. · FA Swift 016 2.3 liter engine name corrected to Mazda MZR/Ford Duratec. · FA Swift 016 2.5 liter engine name corrected to Mazda MZR/Ford Duratec. · FA removes four spec lines and replaces Ford Duratec/Mazda MZR with Honda B16 at 1615cc, 1175 lbs minimum. · FA Spec Line C loses 25 lbs to 1175; Line I loses 75 lbs to 1175; Line K gains 15 lbs to 1175. · FA purpose built and ex-Pro Atlantic cars lose 25 lb sequential transmission penalty wording. · FA Ligier JS F3 car name corrected in FR Americas spec line. · FA Ford Duratec/Mazda MZR 2500 spec line D wording cleanup: 4-valve becomes 4 valves per cylinder. · FA Honda Civic K20Z3 intake manifold and throttle body assembly now allows AT Power Direct-To-Head 45mm individual throttle bodies as alternative to HPD parts. · FA Ford Duratec/Mazda MZR intake restrictor reduced from 32mm to 30mm SIR; Swift 016 2.5 Mazda restrictor reduced from 35mm to 33mm SIR. · FA Toyota 4A-GE engines cleaned up, spec lines A and B engine designations corrected. · FA Ford BD Series max displacement increases from 1600 to 1615 cc, minimum weight stays 1200 lbs. · FA Ford Duratec/Mazda MZR and Honda B16 both now 1615cc max displacement; Honda B16 removes NA requirement. · FA Pro Formula Mazda engine specs moved from Table 1 to Table 2 notes; Renesis Rotary details consolidated. · FA F3 Americas spec line updated effective 2021-03-01; specific changes not legible in provided text. · Formula Lites Crawford FL15 newly classified in FA. · FE2 oil cooler wording clarified: optional air-to-oil cooler allowed, Setrab 50-625-7612 or equivalent max 13 inches wide by 6.5 inches high. · FA stock engines not given weight adjustment; modified engines now allowed in class. · FA engine modifications wording clarified: bore/crankshaft/stroke/flywheel unrestricted if displacement limit met, distributor/transistor ignition allowed without engine modification, compression ratio increasable by machining/gasket chang… · FA transmission rules clarified: no more than five forward speeds and operational reverse gear unless Table 2 notes otherwise. · FA Swift 016 Mazda Duratec Gurney flap wording clarified; terminology and mounting rules unchanged. · FA Volkswagen 1835cc SOHC removed from Table 1. · FA engine rules clarified: blocks and heads must be OEM unless Tables note exceptions. · FA Formula 1000 motorcycle-based engine compression ratio raised to 14.5:1 from 13.5:1. · FA removes Ex-FSV front wheel width 6–8 inches and rear 8–10 inches provisions; all cars use front 10 inches, rear 14–15 inches. · FA Formula 3 engines now allowed through 2017, previously 2008, with 30mm restrictor required. · FA engine note clarification removes Table E reference, Pro Formula Mazda directed to Table 1. · Formula 1000 motorcycle-based engine classified into FA, throttle bodies and ECUs unrestricted. · F1000 reclassified into FA with specification changes effective 2020-01-01. · FA Swift 016 2.3L Mazda Duratec restrictor reduced from 33mm to 31mm SIR, making it slower. · FA wheel dimension rules moved from Bodywork subsection to General section; no specification changes. · FA Mazda MZR 2.0 now limited to Ralt RT40, Ralt RT41, and Swift 014 chassis only. · FE and FE2 minimum weight increased to 1270 lbs including driver; spring options and tire warmer ban added. · FA Honda Civic K20Z3 engines consolidated: three separate base/uprated specs removed, replaced with single unified 1350 lb minimum weight spec for Swift 014/016. · FA Swift 014 Mazda MZR 2.0 piston minimum weight reduced from 320g to 280g. · FA Line N minimum weight increases to 1375 lbs. · FA cars must install AIM part #X47KPFSOLO2R0 data box mount for Majors and Runoffs. · FA Formula 3 car sequential gearbox weight penalty of 25 lbs removed; minimum weight now 1215 lbs. · FA Swift 014-Mazda MZR 2.0 engine now requires OE block casting #LF95 and specific OE components instead of sealed Elite Engines sourcing. · FA Swift 016 Mazda Duratec 2.3L and 2.5L minimum weight increases from 1420 to 1450 lbs.showhide
  • FA Simplify Pro Formula Mazda wheel allowance #34190tyres & wheelsunclearFA Pro Formula Mazda front wheels widen to 10 in. max; rear wheels narrow to 14 in. min.
  • FA E&O - Correct Pro Formula Mazda spec line dimensional equivalent #34085aerofasterFA Pro Formula Mazda maximum bodywork width behind front wheels increases to 51.97 inches.
  • FA Add new spec line for MSR Formula Mazda FMzR to Table 2 #34139cars addedneutralFA MSR Formula Mazda FMzR added to Table 2 classification.
  • FA BDA Displacement #33431wordingneutralFA BDA engine displacement specification line added to Table 1, effective 2023-01-01.
  • FA Reclassify 2010-2017 Formula Renault 2.0 as a spec line car in FA #33395cars addedfasterFormula Renault 2.0 (10-17) reclassified from FX to FA; weight reduced to 1280 lbs, restrictor removed.
  • FA Change Swift 016 2.3L restrictor size and minimum weight #33472induction -30 lbsfasterFA Swift 016 2.3L restrictor increases from 31mm to 32mm SIR; minimum weight drops 30 lbs to 1420.
  • FA Pro Formula Mazda Dimension E&O #33160wordingneutralPro Formula Mazda allows street or bridge port, unrestricted apex seals, 70mm throttle body, 99cm wing height max, 132cm bodywork width max.
  • FA Update FR Americas rulebook requirement #32491wordingneutralFA Ligier JS F3 must comply with Formula Regional Americas rules instead of FIA Formula 3 Regional Technical Regulations.
  • FA Clarify verification of sealed engine compliance #32522wordingneutralFA sealed engines must undergo full inspection; competitor pays reassembly and resealing costs.
  • FA Clarify Formula Lites and FR Americas sealed engine requirement #32523wordingneutralFA Formula Lites FL15 and FR Americas Ligier JS F3 engine sealing requirements clarified to reference respective series technical regulations.
  • FA E&O FA Transmission section #32251wordingneutralFA transmission rule clarified: transverse shafts prohibited except final drive and motorcycle gearbox in Formula 1000.
  • FA E&O Swift 016 2.5 liter Aero column #32363wordingunclearFA Swift 016 2.5 liter aero spec now references 2.3 liter notes instead of N notes.
  • FA Closing the Gap #31934inductionfasterFA Pro Formula Mazda now allows street port or bridge port, previously porting was prohibited.
  • FA Reorganize Tables 1 and 2 #31985cars addedneutralFA adds Honda K20Z3 2.0L engine spec at 1350 lbs minimum and Mazda MZR 2.0L spec at 1300 lbs minimum to Table 1.
  • FA E&O Table 2 engine names #31085wordingneutralFA Mazda MZR 2.0 spec line removes redundant '2.0' designation; Honda Civic K20Z3 spec line unchanged.
  • FA Move Toyota 1800 to Table 2 #30822cars addedneutralFA Toyota 1800 moves from Table 1 to Table 2 (Spec Line Cars).
  • FA E&O Swift 016 wheel width reference #30939wordingneutralFA Swift 016 Mazda MZR/Ford Duratec wheel width specification clarified: front 10, rear 14 minimum and 15 maximum.
  • FA Update FA rules package #30717wordingneutralFA rule wording clarified: Table 1 for purpose-built and ex-pro cars, Table 2 for spec line cars with exceptions noted.
  • FA Move Mazda MZR/Ford Duratec 2296cc and 2500cc to Table 2 #30718wordingneutralFA Mazda MZR/Ford Duratec 2296cc and 2500cc moved from Table 1 to Table 2.
  • FA Clean up Table 2 Mazda MZR 2.0L and Honda Civic K20Z3 spec lines #30719wordingneutralFA Mazda MZR 2.0 and Honda Civic K20Z3 remove sequential designation from 5-speed transmission spec.
  • FA E&O Mazda MZR 2.0 and Honda Civic K20Z3 chassis eligibility #30632wordingneutralFA Mazda MZR 2.0 limited to Ralt RT40, RT41, Swift 008, 014 chassis; Honda Civic K20Z3 removes Swift 016 chassis.
  • FA Correct engine name in Swift 016 2.3 liter spec line #30447wordingneutralFA Swift 016 2.3 liter engine name corrected to Mazda MZR/Ford Duratec.
  • FA Correct engine name in Swift 016 2.5 liter spec line #30448wordingneutralFA Swift 016 2.5 liter engine name corrected to Mazda MZR/Ford Duratec.
  • FA Revise Table 1 Spec Lines and clarify application of Engine Notes #30456cars addedunclearFA removes four spec lines and replaces Ford Duratec/Mazda MZR with Honda B16 at 1615cc, 1175 lbs minimum.
  • FA Update Table 1 Weights for Spec Lines C, I, and K #30355weight -25 lbsfasterFA Spec Line C loses 25 lbs to 1175; Line I loses 75 lbs to 1175; Line K gains 15 lbs to 1175.
  • FA Remove redundant reference in Table 2 spec line #30366wordingfasterFA purpose built and ex-Pro Atlantic cars lose 25 lb sequential transmission penalty wording.
  • FA Correct the name of the FR Americas car #30369wordingneutralFA Ligier JS F3 car name corrected in FR Americas spec line.
  • FA Clean up Spec Line D in Table 1 #30372wordingneutralFA Ford Duratec/Mazda MZR 2500 spec line D wording cleanup: 4-valve becomes 4 valves per cylinder.
  • FA Table 2 Honda K20Z3 request #30386inductionfasterFA Honda Civic K20Z3 intake manifold and throttle body assembly now allows AT Power Direct-To-Head 45mm individual throttle bodies as alternative to HPD parts.
  • FA E&O FA Intake Restrictors #30273inductionslowerFA Ford Duratec/Mazda MZR intake restrictor reduced from 32mm to 30mm SIR; Swift 016 2.5 Mazda restrictor reduced from 35mm to 33mm SIR.
  • FA Clean up Spec Lines A and B in Table 1 #30274wordingneutralFA Toyota 4A-GE engines cleaned up, spec lines A and B engine designations corrected.
  • FA Clean up Spec Line C in Table 1 #30275enginefasterFA Ford BD Series max displacement increases from 1600 to 1615 cc, minimum weight stays 1200 lbs.
  • FA Clean up Spec Lines J and L in Table 1 #30276wordingneutralFA Ford Duratec/Mazda MZR and Honda B16 both now 1615cc max displacement; Honda B16 removes NA requirement.
  • FA Move engine specifications to Pro Formula Mazda spec line notes #30278wordingneutralFA Pro Formula Mazda engine specs moved from Table 1 to Table 2 notes; Renesis Rotary details consolidated.
  • FA Update F3 Americas spec line #30280wordingunclearFA F3 Americas spec line updated effective 2021-03-01; specific changes not legible in provided text.
  • FA Request to classify Formula Lites Crawford FL15 #29702cars addedneutralFormula Lites Crawford FL15 newly classified in FA.
  • FE2 FE/FE2 Oil Cooler #29293wordingneutralFE2 oil cooler wording clarified: optional air-to-oil cooler allowed, Setrab 50-625-7612 or equivalent max 13 inches wide by 6.5 inches high.
  • FA Request to Adjust FB Weight for Stock Engines #29005wordingneutralFA stock engines not given weight adjustment; modified engines now allowed in class.
  • FA E&O permitted engine modifications #28831wordingneutralFA engine modifications wording clarified: bore/crankshaft/stroke/flywheel unrestricted if displacement limit met, distributor/transistor ignition allowed without engine modification, compression ratio increasable by machining/gasket chang…
  • FA E&O Transmissions #28832wordingneutralFA transmission rules clarified: no more than five forward speeds and operational reverse gear unless Table 2 notes otherwise.
  • FA Swift 016 Gurney flap wicker clarification #28884wordingneutralFA Swift 016 Mazda Duratec Gurney flap wording clarified; terminology and mounting rules unchanged.
  • FA Remove redundant spec line in Table 1 #28720removedneutralFA Volkswagen 1835cc SOHC removed from Table 1.
  • FA E&O general engine rules #28772wordingneutralFA engine rules clarified: blocks and heads must be OEM unless Tables note exceptions.
  • FA Request higher compression ratio and prior weights for F1000 cars #28162enginefasterFA Formula 1000 motorcycle-based engine compression ratio raised to 14.5:1 from 13.5:1.
  • FA Remove redundant wheel dimension provisions #28554wordingneutralFA removes Ex-FSV front wheel width 6–8 inches and rear 8–10 inches provisions; all cars use front 10 inches, rear 14–15 inches.
  • FA E&O Formula 3 spec line #28596enginefasterFA Formula 3 engines now allowed through 2017, previously 2008, with 30mm restrictor required.
  • FA FA weight correction/clarification #28430wordingneutralFA engine note clarification removes Table E reference, Pro Formula Mazda directed to Table 1.
  • FA Request to merge FB into FA #25611cars addedfasterFormula 1000 motorcycle-based engine classified into FA, throttle bodies and ECUs unrestricted.
  • FA Suggestions for FB/F1000 into FA #27319cars addedunclearF1000 reclassified into FA with specification changes effective 2020-01-01.
  • FA Change Swift 016 - 2.3 liter Mazda Duratec restrictor size #27880inductionslowerFA Swift 016 2.3L Mazda Duratec restrictor reduced from 33mm to 31mm SIR, making it slower.
  • FA Move wheel dimensions from Bodywork subsection to #27493wordingneutralFA wheel dimension rules moved from Bodywork subsection to General section; no specification changes.
  • FA Table 2 Mazda MZR 2.0 E&O #27640wordingneutralFA Mazda MZR 2.0 now limited to Ralt RT40, Ralt RT41, and Swift 014 chassis only.
  • FE2 FE / FE2 Update Rules #27624weightslowerFE and FE2 minimum weight increased to 1270 lbs including driver; spring options and tire warmer ban added.
  • FA Follow up to Letter #27344 on Honda Powered FA Rules #27363wordingneutralFA Honda Civic K20Z3 engines consolidated: three separate base/uprated specs removed, replaced with single unified 1350 lb minimum weight spec for Swift 014/016.
  • FA Swift 014 Mazda MZR 2.0 E&O #27305enginefasterFA Swift 014 Mazda MZR 2.0 piston minimum weight reduced from 320g to 280g.
  • FA Adjust Line N restrictor size and minimum weight #26691weight +30 lbsslowerFA Line N minimum weight increases to 1375 lbs.
  • FA Add data plate requirement #26707wordingneutralFA cars must install AIM part #X47KPFSOLO2R0 data box mount for Majors and Runoffs.
  • FA Request to add FA engine spec lines #26183weightfasterFA Formula 3 car sequential gearbox weight penalty of 25 lbs removed; minimum weight now 1215 lbs.
  • FA FA MZR 2.0 Engine Specification #25814wordingneutralFA Swift 014-Mazda MZR 2.0 engine now requires OE block casting #LF95 and specific OE components instead of sealed Elite Engines sourcing.
  • FA FA 016 weight increase #26063weightslowerFA Swift 016 Mazda Duratec 2.3L and 2.5L minimum weight increases from 1420 to 1450 lbs.

Best is the class's fastest lap in that event's qualifying or race sessions, with the driver who set it, how many cars set a time that session and how close the top five were; a best from fewer than three cars is greyed. With two or more classes, "vs" is the gap of each class's best to the first class's at the same event. "% of FE2" is the class's best as a share of FE2's best at the same event (100% is level, less is quicker): weather and track condition move every class together, so this compares across years where the raw times do not. It still breaks when FE2's own field changes or one session was wet and another dry. Newest event first. The coloured figure under each value is the change from the previous event that has one (green is quicker, red slower). Whole laps only, so events with different sector layouts still compare. Weather and track condition are not accounted for.